Waveforms – how to describe electrical signals

Let’s have a little discussion about electrical signals and waveforms. In electronics we usually want to understand how something works and that usually starts with understanding what the electricity in the circuit is doing. If we have a constant voltage it’s simple. We have a 9V voltage source, every time …

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

I’ll go into a few basics regarding Pulse Width Modulation PWM. The problem To understand PWM I’ll use as an example a situation where you want to control the speed of a motor. The easiest way to do that is by varying the voltage going to that motor. Let’s say …

Arduino – outputs

Let’s first concentrate on how we can influence the outside world with our Arduino. If we want to control something, to signal something or output some information, everything is done by using output pins. The output pins are 13 digital pins and 5 analog ones in special cases. Digital outputs …